An in vitro cyclic fatigue resistance comparison of conventional and new generation nickel-titanium rotary files.

BACKGROUND: New designs and processing of Niquel-Titanium (NiTi) have been introduced to increase resistance to cyclic fatigue. The purpose of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of 3 NiTi rotary instruments, ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), Profile Vortex Blue (PVB; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA) and ProTaper Universal (PTU; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cyclic fatigue test was conducted operating instruments from ProTaper Next X2, Profile Vortex Blue 25.06 and ProTaper F2. A total of 234 instruments were rotated in 2 simulated stainless steel curved canals with different angles of curvature (45º and 60°) and 5-mm radius of curvature. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was calculated. Data were compared using 2-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Bonferroni test in software (SPSS 15.0, Chicago, IL). Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: Profile Vortex Blue showed higher resistance to cyclic fatigue in both curved canals than ProTaper Next and ProTaper Universal (P<0.001). ProTaper Universal obtained the lowest resistance to cyclic fatigue in both canals (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Profile Vortex Blue was the most resistant to cyclic fatigue failure, followed by ProTaper Next and ProTaper Universal. Anatomical complexity (angle of curvature) and manufacturing process of NiTi are important factors for resistance to cyclic fatigue. Key words:Cyclic fatigue, M-Wire, Protaper Next, ProTaper Universal, Profile Vortex Blue.

Impact of heavy smoking on the clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters of patients with dental implants: a prospective cross-sectional study.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate how heavy smoking influences the clinical, microbiological, and host-response characteristics in peri-implant sulcus fluid of patients with healthy dental implants. METHODS: A total of 29 individuals with 74 dental implants were included in the present study; 20 implants were in heavy smokers and 54 were in non-smokers. The modified gingival index, modified plaque index, and probing pocket depth were evaluated. Periodontopathogenic bacteria Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were evaluated, together with the total bacterial load. Peri-implant sulcus fluid samples were analyzed for the quantification of interleukin-8, interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. RESULTS: No significant differences in the clinical parameters evaluated were found between the groups, although smokers had poorer peri-implant parameters. Among the smokers, subgingival microbiota was composed of a greater number of periodontal pathogens; these differences were not statistically significant. Smokers showed a greater expression of interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α, but interleukin-8 was slightly higher among non-smokers, but not significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Although smokers presented deeper probing depths, bleeding on probing, and peri-implant microbiota composed of a greater number of periodontal pathogens than in non-smoking patients, these data did not show significant differences. In the present study, and in relation to the samples analyzed, smoking alone did not influence the immunological and microbiological parameters in dental implants with healthy peri-implant tissues. Further studies with larger samples are required to better evaluate the influence of smoking on dental implants.

Measurement of the percentage of root filling in oval-shaped canals obturated with Thermafil Obturators and Beefill 2in1: In vitro study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to measure the percentage of root canal fillings in long oval canals obturated with thermoplasticized gutta-percha techniques, Beefill 2in1® and Thermafil Obturators®. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty four mandibular incisors were selected after bucco-lingual and mesio-distal radiographs showed at 5 mm from apex an internal long:short diameter ≥2. Teeth were instrumented with Protaper Universal and divided in two groups of 27. Group 1 was obturated with Thermafil Obturators® and group 2 with Beefill 2in1®. Two horizontal sections were cut at 5 and 7 mm from the apex and photographed in a stereo-microscope. The total area of the canal and filled canal in cross-sections were measured with AutoCad and the percentages of gutta-percha-sealer and voids in the canal were obtained. RESULTS: Both systems achieved high percentage of filled canal, Thermafil 96.8% and Beefill 2in1 98.9%. The percentages of voids in both groups were very low. No significant differences were found between the two groups . The percentage obtained at 5 and 7 mm from the apex in both groups showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: The percentages of filled canal (gutta-percha-sealer) were high and these two thermoplasticized techniques are suitable for long oval canals obturation. Key words:Long oval canal, oval canal, thermoplasticized obturation.

Clinical, microbiological, and immunological aspects of healthy versus peri-implantitis tissue in full arch reconstruction patients: a prospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Due to the world-wide increase in treatments involving implant placement, the incidence of peri-implant disease is increasing. Late implant failure is the result of the inability to maintain osseointegration, whose most important cause is peri-implantitis. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical, microbiological, and immunological aspects in the peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) of patients with healthy dental implants and patients with peri-implantitis. METHODS: PISF samples were obtained from 24 peri-implantitis sites and 54 healthy peri-implant sites in this prospective cross-sectional study. The clinical parameters recorded were: modified gingival index (mGI), modified plaque index (mPI) and probing pocket depth (PPD). The periodontopathogenic bacteria Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis were evaluated, together with the total bacterial load (TBL). PISF samples were analyzed for the quantification of Interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α using flow cytometry (FACS). RESULTS: The mGI and PPD scores in the peri-implantitis group were significantly higher than the healthy group (p < 0.001). A total of 61.5% of the patients with peri-implantitis had both arches rehabilitated, compared with 22.7% of patients with healthy peri-implant tissues; there was no implant with peri-implantitis in cases that received mandibular treatment exclusively (p < 0.05). Concentrations of Porphyromonas gingivalis (p < 0.01), association with bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola (p < 0.05), as well as the TBL (p < 0.05) are significantly higher in the peri-implantitis group. IL-1ß (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01), IL-10 (p < 0.05) and TNF-α (p < 0.01) are significantly higher at the sites with peri-implantitis compared to healthy peri-implant tissue, while IL-8 did not increase significantly. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study involving a limited patient sample suggest that the peri-implant microbiota and which dental arch was rehabilitated involved could contribute to bone loss in peri-implantitis. A significant relationship is observed between the concentration of cytokines (interleukins 1ß, 6 and 10 and TNF-α) and the inflammatory response in peri-implantitis tissue.

Radiographic technical quality of root canal treatment performed ex vivo by dental students at Valencia University Medical and Dental School, Spain

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate radiographically the quality of root canal fillings and compare manual and rotary preparation performed on extracted teeth by undergraduate dental students. Study DESIGN: A total of 561 premolars and molars extracted teeth were prepared using nickel-titanium rotary files or manual instrumentation and filled with gutta-percha using a cold lateral condensation technique, by 4th grade undergraduate students. Periapical radiographs were used to assess the technical quality of the root canal filling, evaluating three variables: length, density and taper. These data were recorded, scored and used to study the "technical success rate" and the "overall score". The length of each root canal filling was classified as acceptable, short and overfilled, based on their relationship with the radiographic apex. Density and taper of filling were evaluated based on the presence of voids and the uniform tapering of the filling, respectively. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the quality of root canal treatment, considering p < 0.05 as a statistical significant level. RESULTS: The percentage of technical success was 44% and the overall score was 7.8 out of 10. Technical success and overall score were greater with rotary instruments (52% against 28% with a manual one, p < 0.001; 8.3 against 6.7 respectively, p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: It appears that inexperienced operators perform better root canal treatment (RCT) with the use of rotary instrumentation

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Treatment of multiple traumatized anterior teeth associated with an alveolar bone fracture in a 20-year-old patient: A 3-year follow up.

Intrusive luxation is a type of recognizable luxation injury represented by a deeper axial displacement of the tooth toward the alveolar bone. Treatment strategies include waiting for the tooth to return to its position, immediate surgical repositioning, and repositioning through dental traction by orthodontic devices. The aim of this case report was to present the management of severe dental trauma and later restoration following IADT. A 20-year-old patient was presented after fainting at home four hours before, resulting in a dento-alveolar trauma. Clinical examinations revealed a traumatic intrusion, in 1.2, 1.1 and 2.1, uncomplicated crown fractures in 1.1 and 2.1 and a complicated crown-root fracture in 2.2. The diagnosis was confirmed with CBCT. Following IADT protocol, the emergency treatment consisted of the surgical repositioning and semi-rigid splinting using orthodontic wire-composite, replacing the buccal bone plate, and postoperative instructions to the patient regarding oral hygiene. After 2 weeks the root canal treated and filled with fiberglass posts in 1.2, 1.1, 2.1 and 2.2. Splint was removed after 4 weeks and the IADT reassessment protocol followed, with revisions at 6-8 weeks, 6 months, a year and annual reviews for 5 years. A year after the treatment, the traumatized teeth were restored with minimally invasive preparations of feldspathic ceramic. Esthetics and function were recorded with a 3-year follow-up period. Key words:Intrusive luxation, dental trauma, crown-root fracture, dento-alveolar trauma, permanent tooth, CBCT.

Radiographic technical quality of root canal treatment performed ex vivo by dental students at Valencia University Medical and Dental School, Spain.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate radiographically the quality of root canal fillings and compare manual and rotary preparation performed on extracted teeth by undergraduate dental students. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 561 premolars and molars extracted teeth were prepared using nickel-titanium rotary files or manual instrumentation and filled with gutta-percha using a cold lateral condensation technique, by 4th grade undergraduate students. Periapical radiographs were used to assess the technical quality of the root canal filling, evaluating three variables: length, density and taper. These data were recorded, scored and used to study the "technical success rate" and the "overall score". The length of each root canal filling was classified as acceptable, short and overfilled, based on their relationship with the radiographic apex. Density and taper of filling were evaluated based on the presence of voids and the uniform tapering of the filling, respectively. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the quality of root canal treatment, considering p < 0.05 as a statistical significant level. RESULTS: The percentage of technical success was 44% and the overall score was 7.8 out of 10. Technical success and overall score were greater with rotary instruments (52% against 28% with a manual one, p < 0.001; 8.3 against 6.7 respectively, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It appears that inexperienced operators perform better root canal treatment (RCT) with the use of rotary instrumentation.

An in vitro comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper universal and GT series X files

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of two nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic instruments from ProTaper and GT series X files. Study Design: Cyclic fatigue test was realized with instruments from ProTaper: F1 and F3 (Denstply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and GT-X: 20.06 and 30.08 (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America). A total of 320 instruments were rotated in 4 curved artificial canals with different angles and radius of curvature. The time and cycles to failure were calculated. The data was compared using a Mann-Whitney, Kruskall-Wallis, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, with a significance level of p<0.05.Results: GT-X files rotated for a significantly longer period of time before separation occurred, thus GT-X files where more resistant to the cyclic fatigue compared with ProTaper. Conclusion: GT-X files have a greater resistance to cyclic fatigue, this fact can be caused by the use of the Ni-Tialloy “M-Wire” (AU)

An in vitro comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper universal and GT series X files.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of two nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic instruments from ProTaper and GT series X files. STUDY DESIGN: Cyclic fatigue test was realized with instruments from ProTaper: F1 and F3 (Denstply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and GT-X: 20.06 and 30.08 (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America). A total of 320 instruments were rotated in 4 curved artificial canals with different angles and radius of curvature. The time and cycles to failure were calculated. The data was compared using a Mann-Whitney, Kruskall-Wallis, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, with a significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: GT-X files rotated for a significantly longer period of time before separation occurred, thus GT-X files where more resistant to the cyclic fatigue compared with ProTaper. CONCLUSION: GT-X files have a greater resistance to cyclic fatigue, this fact can be caused by the use of the Ni-Ti alloy "M-Wire".

In vitro comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper, WaveOne, and Twisted Files.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of 3 nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic instruments from ProTaper, WaveOne (WO), and Twisted Files (TF). METHODS: Cyclic fatigue testing was conducted by operating instruments from ProTaper F2, WO 25 .08, and TF 25 .08. A total of 184 instruments were rotated in 4 curved artificial canals with different angles and radius of curvature. The time and cycles to failure were calculated. The data were compared for differences by using 2-way analysis of variance (P < .05). RESULTS: In general, WO was the most resistant to fatigue failure of the tested instruments, and TF showed a higher number of cycles to failure than ProTaper. CONCLUSIONS: Reciprocating movement of WO showed a longer cyclic fatigue life than conventional rotary movement of TF and ProTaper. The new manufacturing twisting process of TF produced NiTi rotary instruments more resistant to fatigue than ProTaper instruments produced with the traditional NiTi grinding process.

Survival of implants placed with the osteotome technique: An update

A literature review is made to analyze the survival of imA literature review is made to analyze the survival of implants placed with the osteotome technique. A PubMed search was made based on the key words "osteotome AND dental implants", corresponding to publications between 1998-2008. The inclusion criteria were: a) a minimum of 10 patients; b) a minimum follow-up of 6 months; c) implants placed using the osteotome technique with or without indirect sinus lift; and d) specification of the implant number and survival rate. Sixty-four articles were identified, of which 20 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 2006 implants were placed in 1312 patients using the osteotome technique. The duration of follow-up after prosthetic loading ranged from 6-144 months. Indirect sinus lift was carried out in all but one of the studies. The residual crest height ranged from 2.8-12 mm, with a mean gain in bone after sinus lift of 2.5-5.1 mm. The time from implant placement to prosthetic loading varied from 1.5-9 months. The percentage implant survival rate was 85.1-100%. The survival rate of implants placed with the osteotome technique is high and does not differ with respect to implant placement with the conventional technique (AU)

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Survival of implants placed with the osteotome technique: an update.

A literature review is made to analyze the survival of implants placed with the osteotome technique. A PubMed search was made based on the key words "osteotome AND dental implants", corresponding to publications between 1998-2008. The inclusion criteria were: a) a minimum of 10 patients; b) a minimum follow-up of 6 months; c) implants placed using the osteotome technique with or without indirect sinus lift; and d) specification of the implant number and survival rate. Sixty-four articles were identified, of which 20 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 2006 implants were placed in 1312 patients using the osteotome technique. The duration of follow-up after prosthetic loading ranged from 6-144 months. Indirect sinus lift was carried out in all but one of the studies. The residual crest height ranged from 2.8-12 mm, with a mean gain in bone after sinus lift of 2.5-5.1 mm. The time from implant placement to prosthetic loading varied from 1.5-9 months. The percentage implant survival rate was 85.1-100%. The survival rate of implants placed with the osteotome technique is high and does not differ with respect to implant placement with the conventional technique.

Study of serum CTX in 50 oral surgical patients treated with oral bisphosphonates

Objectives: To determine whether there is a relationship between the total BP dose administered and the variations in serum CTX concentration. Study design: The study included 50 patients requiring dental implant surgery and treated with oral BPs, seen in an Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit between January 2007 and June 2009. The patients were divided into two groups: those in which the medication was not suspended before obtaining the laboratory test sample, and those patients referred from other dental clinics in which BPs was suspended before reporting to our Unit. The total drug dosage administered and the total dose per kilogram body weight were evaluated for comparison with serum CTX. The data obtained were correlated to the osteonecrosis risk table developed by Marx et al. in 2007.Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in relation to the total administered dose and the dose in mg/kg b.w. Likewise, in both groups no relationship was observed between the serum CTX value and the total administered dose or the dose in mg/kg b.w. No differences were found between the two patient groups regarding chemical osteonecrosis risk based on the criteria of Marx et al Conclusions: No relationship was observed between the oral BP dose administered (total dose or expressed in mg/kg b.w.) and serum CTX concentration, and suspension of the medication did not influence the serum CTX levels (AU)

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Study of serum CTX in 50 oral surgical patients treated with oral bisphosphonates.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is a relationship between the total BP dose administered and the variations in serum CTX concentration. STUDY DESIGN: The study included 50 patients requiring dental implant surgery and treated with oral BPs, seen in an Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit between January 2007 and June 2009. The patients were divided into two groups: those in which the medication was not suspended before obtaining the laboratory test sample, and those patients referred from other dental clinics in which BPs was suspended before reporting to our Unit. The total drug dosage administered and the total dose per kilogram body weight were evaluated for comparison with serum CTX. The data obtained were correlated to the osteonecrosis risk table developed by Marx et al. in 2007. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in relation to the total administered dose and the dose in mg/kg b.w. Likewise, in both groups no relationship was observed between the serum CTX value and the total administered dose or the dose in mg/kg b.w. No differences were found between the two patient groups regarding chemical osteonecrosis risk based on the criteria of Marx et al. CONCLUSIONS: No relationship was observed between the oral BP dose administered (total dose or expressed in mg/kg b.w.) and serum CTX concentration, and suspension of the medication did not influence the serum CTX levels.

Analysis of the peri-implant microbiota in 90 dental implants and itsr elationship to crevicular fluid volume

Objective: To evaluate the presence within the peri-implant sulcus of Tannerela forsythia (Tf), Porphyromonasgingivales (Pg), Treponema denticola (Td) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), and relate these bacteria to the peri-implant crevicular fluid volume (PICFV).Material and Method: A prospective and cross-sectional clinical case series study was made. For the measurement of crevicular fluid, use was made of the Periotron® 8000 (Proflow Incorporated. New York, USA), measuring the volume in Periotron units (PU). For the detection of period ontopathogenic bacteria we used the IAI-PadoTest 4.5 (IAI Inc., IAI Institute, Zuchwil, Switzerland) – a system for the detection of Tf, Pg, Td and Aa based on the use of RNA arrays.Results: We included 34 patients (19 females and 15 males) with a mean age of 56.4 years. Of these subjects, 30.8%were smokers and 69.2% non-smokers. Out of a total series of 213 implants, we analyzed the crevicular fluid and microbiota in 90 implants. A total of 16.5% of the implants presented mucositis, while 83.5% were in healthy peri implantconditions. The microbiological study revealed the presence of Tf in 17.1% of the implants, Pg in 9.3%, Tdin 13.6%, in Aa in none of the implants. The mean Periotron reading was 93.4 PU (range 12-198 PU). A statistically significant (p<0.05) relationship was observed between PICFV and the total percentage bacteria (Tf, Pg andTd) – with a strong association between the Td levels and smoking (p<0.01). In the implants with mucositis, the concentration of Pg and Td was greater.Conclusions: In the implants studied, the subgingival peri-implant microbiota was characterized by low levels ofPg, Tf, Td, and none of the patients proved positive for Aa. These bacteria showed a positive correlation to crevicular fluid volume, and a statistically significant relationship was observed between Td and smoking (AU)

Interleukins IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and periimplant disease. An update

Introduction: A study is made of the usefulness of cytokines (such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8),interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-12 (IL-12)) as markers of periimplant disease (mucositis and periimplantitis).An increase in the levels of these cytokines in dental implant crevicular fluid may give rise to a lack of osteointegration,bone loss or implant failure.Objective: To review the literature relating IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 levels to dental implant surgery and periimplantitis.Material and Method: A PubMed literature search was made of articles in English and Spanish, using the keywords “cytokine and dental implants”, cytokine and periimplantitis”, “IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and dental implants”,“IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and periimplantitis”. Fourteen articles were found and classified into two groupsrelating interleukin levels to: a) periimplant disease; and b) their influence upon dental implant osteointegrationwithout periimplant disease.Conclusions: An increase in interleukin levels is observed in patients with periimplant disease, though there iscontroversy over the effect of interleukins in crevicular fluid and periimplantitis in relation to implant failure orthe development of periimplant disease (AU)

Traumatic dental injuries among schoolchildren in Valencia, Spain

Aim: The aim of the present study was to identify some factors related to the occurrence of dental trauma in mixedand permanent dentition.Design of the study: Over a period of two months 1325, 6 to 18 year olds from three primary schools in Valenciawere examined. Data was collected through clinical examinations and interviews and their Dental trauma wasclassified according to IADT´s criteria. Results: The prevalence of dental injuries was 6%; boys aged between12-18 years old experienced more injuries than girls. There was a statistical difference between the types of fractures.Non complicated coronal fractures were the most frequent (9.18%). Games were the main cause of trauma(40%) in both sexes. In 14.3% of patients a dental colour change was observed. Angle´s class I was the most frequentin traumatized injured children (41.2%).Conclusions: The present study revealed a relatively low prevalence of dental trauma, but this figure still representsa large number of children. Therefore, educational programs are to be initiated for the community regardingcauses , prevention and treatments of traumatic dental injuries (AU)

Interleukins IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and periimplant disease. An update.

INTRODUCTION: A study is made of the usefulness of cytokines (such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-12 (IL-12)) as markers of periimplant disease (mucositis and periimplantitis). An increase in the levels of these cytokines in dental implant crevicular fluid may give rise to a lack of osteointegration, bone loss or implant failure. OBJECTIVE: To review the literature relating IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 levels to dental implant surgery and periimplantitis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A PubMed literature search was made of articles in English and Spanish, using the key words "cytokine and dental implants", cytokine and periimplantitis", "IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and dental implants", "IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and periimplantitis". Fourteen articles were found and classified into two groups relating interleukin levels to: a) periimplant disease; and b) their influence upon dental implant osteointegration without periimplant disease. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in interleukin levels is observed in patients with periimplant disease, though there is controversy over the effect of interleukins in crevicular fluid and periimplantitis in relation to implant failure or the development of periimplant disease.

Traumatic dental injuries among schoolchildren in Valencia, Spain.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to identify some factors related to the occurrence of dental trauma in mixed and permanent dentition. DESIGN OF THE STUDY: Over a period of two months 1325, 6 to 18 year olds from three primary schools in Valencia were examined. Data was collected through clinical examinations and interviews and their Dental trauma was classified according to IADT's criteria. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental injuries was 6%; boys aged between 12-18 years old experienced more injuries than girls. There was a statistical difference between the types of fractures. Non complicated coronal fractures were the most frequent (9.18%). Games were the main cause of trauma (40%) in both sexes. In 14.3% of patients a dental colour change was observed. Angle's class I was the most frequent in traumatized injured children (41.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed a relatively low prevalence of dental trauma, but this figure still represents a large number of children. Therefore, educational programs are to be initiated for the community regarding causes , prevention and treatments of traumatic dental injuries.

Probiotic treatment in the oral cavity: An update

Probiotics have been found to be beneficial to host health. Their primary use in medicine has been for the management of intestinal tract problems.In recent years, probiotics have been used as a treatment to promote oral health. The aim of the present study was to review published studies regarding probiotics and their effects on the oral cavity. Studies reporting the anticariogenic effects of probiotics, their use in the treatment of periodontal disease, a reduced crevicular fluid volume and cytokine content, as well as their use in the treatment of halitosis and Candida albicans were identified. Studies assessing residence time of probiotics in the oral cavity were also selected for retrieval. Most authors concluded that the use of oral probiotics was associated with an improvement in oral health, including a significantly reduced level of cariogenic and periodontal pathogens and a lower crevicular fluid volume and cytokine concentration (AU)

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